XRF Analyzer with a Hand Shield

ABSTRACT

A portable XRF analyzer includes a hand shield and a handle. In one embodiment, the XRF analyzer further comprises a power component spaced-apart from an engine component. The handle and the hand shield extend in parallel between the engine component and the power component, attaching the engine component to the power component. In another embodiment, the XRF analyzer further comprises two housing portions, each integrally formed in a single, monolithic body formed together at the same time. The two housing portions are joined together to form an XRF analyzer housing. In another embodiment, the hand shield is shorter than the handle.

PRIORITY CLAIM(S)

This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/615,134, filed on Feb. 5, 2015, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/985,163, filed Apr. 28, 2014, which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present application is related generally to x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzers.

BACKGROUND

Aspects of an XRF analyzer can include (1) shielding a hand of a user from x-rays (emitted from an x-ray source in the analyzer or fluoresced from a sample); (2) removing heat from an x-ray detector, an x-ray source, or both in the XRF analyzer; and (3) thermally separating the x-ray detector from the x-ray source in order to avoid heat from the x-ray source adversely affecting resolution of the x-ray detector. Information relevant to attempts to address these problems can be found in U.S. Patent Publication Number US 2013/0003923 and European Patent Number EP 1,686,369.

SUMMARY

It has been recognized that it would be advantageous in an x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer to: (1.) shield the hand of the user; (2) remove heat from the x-ray detector, the x-ray source, or both; and (3) thermally separate the x-ray detector from the x-ray source. The present invention is directed to various embodiments of a portable XRF analyzer that satisfy these needs. Each embodiment may satisfy one, some, or all of these needs.

The XRF analyzer can comprise an engine component having an x-ray emission end and an engine component casing. An x-ray source and an x-ray detector can be disposed in the engine component casing. The x-ray source can be disposed in a location and oriented to emit x-rays outward from the x-ray emission end towards a sample. The x-ray detector can be disposed in a location and oriented to receive fluoresced x-rays emitted from the sample. A handle can extend from the engine component and can allow a user to hold and carry the XRF analyzer. A hand shield can extend from the engine component parallel to the handle, and can be disposed closer to the x-ray emission end than the handle. There can be a finger-gap between the handle and the hand shield.

In one embodiment, the XRF analyzer can further comprise a power component spaced-apart from the engine component. The handle and the hand shield can extend in parallel between the engine component and the power component, attaching the engine component to the power component.

In another embodiment, the XRF analyzer can further comprise two housing portions, each housing portion comprising a material for blocking x-rays, an engine component casing section, a handle casing section extending from the engine component casing section, and a hand shield casing section extending from the engine component casing section, parallel to the handle casing section. The engine component casing section, the hand shield casing section, and the handle casing section of each housing portion can be integrally formed in a single, monolithic body formed together at the same time. The two housing portions can be joined together to form an XRF analyzer housing.

In another embodiment, the hand shield can be shorter than the handle.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of an XRF analyzer, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic side view of an XRF analyzer, illustrating a hand shield and a handle extending between and attaching an engine component to a power component, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic side view of an XRF analyzer, illustrating a heat sink disposed adjacent an x-ray source and a heat sink disposed adjacent an x-ray detector, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of half of a housing of an XRF analyzer, showing an inside of the housing, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic back view of an XRF analyzer, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic front view of an XRF analyzer, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic side view of an XRF analyzer, illustrating a hand shield and a handle extending from an engine component, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a schematic side view of an XRF analyzer with two heat sinks and a handle extending from an engine component, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a schematic side view of an XRF analyzer, illustrating emission of x-rays towards a sample and x-rays fluorescing back to the XRF analyzer, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a schematic perspective view of an XRF analyzer with an attached battery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a schematic first side view of an XRF analyzer with an attached battery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a schematic second side view of an XRF analyzer with an attached battery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a schematic front view of an XRF analyzer with an attached battery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 14 is a schematic back view of an XRF analyzer with an attached battery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 15 is a schematic top view of an XRF analyzer with an attached battery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 16 is a schematic bottom view of an XRF analyzer with an attached battery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 17 is a schematic perspective view of an XRF analyzer without an attached battery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 18 is a schematic first side view of an XRF analyzer without an attached battery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 19 is a schematic second side view of an XRF analyzer without an attached battery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 20 is a schematic front view of an XRF analyzer without an attached battery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 21 is a schematic back view of an XRF analyzer without an attached battery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 22 is a schematic top view of an XRF analyzer without an attached battery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 23 is a schematic bottom view of an XRF analyzer without an attached battery, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 24 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of an engine component casing flange holding a heat sink in place, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DEFINITIONS

-   -   As used herein, “parallel” means, with regard to the handle and         the hand shield extending parallel to each other, or the handle         and the hand shield extending in parallel, that these two         columnar-shaped structures extend side-by-side substantially in         the same direction. Parallel does not necessarily mean that         these two columns are equidistant from each other at all points.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 and 5-9, portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzers 10, 20, 30, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 are shown comprising an engine component 13 having an x-ray emission end 19. The front view of an XRF analyzer in FIGS. 6, 13, and 20 shows the face of the x-ray emission end 19 (i.e. x-rays can emit from this front face). A handle 14 can extend from the engine component 13 to allow a user to hold and carry the XRF analyzer.

As shown in FIGS. 1-3, 5-7, and 9, a hand shield 15 can extend from the engine component 13 parallel to the handle 14. Thus, the handle 14 and the hand shield 15 can extend in two separate, parallel columns from the engine component 13 to a distal end (24 and 25 respectively—see FIGS. 2 and 7). The hand shield 15 can be located forward of the handle 14. The hand shield 15 can be disposed closer to the x-ray emission end 19 than the handle 14.

As shown in FIGS. 1-3, 5-6, and 9, the portable XRF analyzers 10, 20, 30, 50, 60, and 90 can further include a power component 9 spaced apart from engine component 13. The handle 14 and the hand shield 15 can attach the engine component 13 to the power component 9. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 7, the handle 14 and the hand shield 15 need not be joined by a power component 9 at a distal end (24 and 25 respectively) from the engine component 13. Various factors such as aesthetics, ease of use, manufacturing considerations, durability, and cost may be considered in whether or not to include a power component joining the handle 14 and the hand shield 15 at a distal end (24 and 25 respectively) from the engine component 13.

The power component 9 can include electrical connections 17 configured for electrical connection to a portable, electric power-source 33. A portable, electric power-source 33 is shown in FIGS. 3 and 9-16. The portable, electric power-source 33 can be readily removable by the user. The portable, electric power-source 33 can be a battery.

It can be ergonomically beneficial for the handle 14 and hand shield 15 to have a forward-leaning angle. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 7, the hand shield 15 can have a length L1 that is shorter than a length L2 of the handle 14 because of (a) the forward-leaning angle; (b) a shape of the engine component 13; and/or (c) a junction of the handle 14 and the hand shield 15 at the power component 9. For example, the hand shield 15 can have a length L1 that is between 60% and 90% of a length L2 of the handle 14 in one embodiment.

As shown in FIGS. 1, 4-6, & 9, an x-ray source 11 and an x-ray detector 12 can be disposed in and can be substantially enclosed by an engine component casing 13 a and 13 b. The x-ray source 11 can include an x-ray tube 11 _(t) and an associated power supply 11 _(p). The x-ray source 11 and the x-ray detector 12 can be oriented at an acute angle with respect to one another. The x-ray source 11 can be disposed in a location and oriented to emit x-rays 92 (FIG. 9) outward from an x-ray window 11 _(w) (FIG. 6) portion of the x-ray tube 11 _(t) disposed at the x-ray emission end 19 of the XRF analyzer towards a focal point 94 (FIG. 9) on a sample 91. The x-ray detector 12 can be disposed in a location and oriented to receive fluoresced x-rays 93 (FIG. 9) emitted from the focal point 94 on the sample 91. An amplifier, a digital pulse processor, and additional electronic components can analyze information from the x-ray detector for determination of material composition of the sample 91.

As shown in FIG. 1, there can be a finger gap 8 between the handle 14 and the hand shield 15. As used herein, “finger gap” means a gap that is large enough to allow a user's fingers to be inserted into the gap to grasp the handle 14. In one embodiment, the finger gap 8 can have a width W_(f) that is between 25 mm and 80 mm.

The hand shield 15 can be disposed closer to the x-ray emission end 19 than the handle 14. The hand shield 15 can be disposed in a location to substantially block (a) x-rays 93 emitted from the sample 91 to be analyzed, or (b) x-rays 92 emitted from the x-ray tube 11 _(t) (including x-rays emitted from sides of the x-ray tube 11 _(t)) from impinging on a hand 95 of a user while grasping the handle 14 (see FIG. 9). A casing 15 a and 15 b of the hand shield 15 (“hand shield casing” means 15 a and 15 b combined) and a casing 13 a and 13 b of the engine component 13 (“engine component casing” means 13 a and 13 b combined) can comprise a material for blocking x-rays (see casing in FIGS. 1 & 4). For example, the material for blocking x-rays can comprise plastic impregnated with tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, or combinations thereof. As another example, the material for blocking x-rays can comprise a plastic impregnated with an element having an atomic number of at least 42. The XRF analyzer can be designed, based on x-ray source 11 voltage and hand shield 15 thickness and material, to block (i.e. prevent from passing through the hand shield 15) at least 99% of incoming x-rays in one aspect, or at least 99.8% of incoming x-rays in another aspect, or at least 99.98% of incoming x-rays in another aspect.

As shown on XRF analyzer 50 in FIG. 5, the hand shield 15 can have a width W_(s) that is at least as large as a width W_(h) of the handle 14 in order to block x-rays from hitting a hand of the user. In one embodiment, the hand shield 15 can have a width that is at least 50% wider than a width W_(h) of the handle 14. In another embodiment, the hand shield 15 can have a width W_(s) that is at least as large as a width W_(h) of the handle 14 along at least 50% of a length L1 of the hand shield 15 from the engine component. In another embodiment, the hand shield 15 can have a width W_(s) that is at least 50% wider than a width W_(h) of the handle 14 along at least 50% of a length L1 of the hand shield 15. Hand shield length L1 and handle length L2 are shown in FIGS. 3 and 7.

The hand shield can be useful not only for blocking x-rays from impinging on a hand of the user, but also for storage of electronic components. As shown in FIG. 1, there can be a hollow 15 h in the hand shield 15 and/or a hollow 14 h in the handle 14. The hollow 15 h in the hand shield 15 and/or the hollow 14 h in the handle 14 can be sized and shaped to receive electronic component(s) 16. Electronic component(s) 16 can be disposed in the hand shield 15 and/or the handle 14. The electronic component(s) 16 can be configured for operation of the x-ray source 11, the x-ray detector 12, or both. A hollow 13 h in the engine component 13 can be interconnected with a hollow 15 h in the hand shield 15 and/or a hollow 14 h in the handle 14.

The electronic component(s) 16 can include a digital pulse processor electrically connected to the x-ray detector 12. The x-ray detector 12 can include a semiconductor chip (e.g. PIN diode or SDD) for receiving x-rays 93 and a signal amplifier for amplifying incoming x-ray signals. A digital pulse processor can be electrically connected to the signal amplifier. The digital pulse processor can convert the amplified signal into meaningful data to indicate the energy of incoming x-rays. For improved signal quality by avoiding noise interference, it can be beneficial to dispose the digital pulse processor near the signal amplifier. Disposing the digital pulse processor in the hand shield 15 can allow the digital pulse processor to be disposed near the signal amplifier, thus improving signal quality.

As shown on XRF analyzers 30, 70, and 80 in FIGS. 3, 7, and 8, the handle 14 can include a switch 32, such as a trigger for example, to cause the XRF analyzer to emit x-rays 92 from the x-ray source 11.

As shown in FIGS. 4-6, an XRF analyzer housing can be formed in two halves, or two separate portions 52 a and 52 b. The portions need not necessarily divide equally into halves—one portion can be more than half and the other portion can be less than half, which joined together make a whole. Each portion 52 a or 52 b can include:

-   -   1. a section of the engine component casing 13 a or 13 b         (“engine component casing section” means either 13 a or 13 b);     -   2.if a power component is used—a section of a casing 9 a or 9 b         of the power component 9 (“power component casing section” means         9 a or 9 b);     -   3. a section of the hand shield casing 15 a or 15 b (“hand         shield casing section” means 15 a or 15 b); and     -   4. a section of a casing 14 a or 14 b of the handle 14 (“handle         casing section” means 14 a or 14 b).

Each portion 52 a and 52 b can be integrally formed in a single, monolithic body that was formed together at the same time. For example, one portion 52 a can be formed at one time, such as by injection molding, as one single, monolithic body. The other portion 52 b can also be formed at one time, such as by injection molding, as a separate single, monolithic body. After insertion of components (e.g. x-ray source 11 and x-ray detector 12), the portions 52 a and 52 b can be joined by a fastener or adhesive.

By forming the hand shield casing section 15 a (or 15 b) and the engine component casing section 13 a (or 13 b) together, both sections can include a material for blocking x-rays. Manufacturing by this method (e.g. forming each portion as a single, monolithic body then joining the two portions 52 a and 52 b) can be simple and cost-effective and can result in sturdy housing.

As shown on XRF analyzers 30, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 in FIGS. 3 and 5-9, at least one heat sink 31 can be used to draw heat away from the x-ray source 11 and/or the x-ray detector 12. Heat sinks 31 are also shown in FIGS. 10-23. In one embodiment, the heat-sink(s) can be finned. The heat sinks can be made of any material with sufficiently high thermal conductivity. For example, the heat sinks can be made of or can comprise aluminum due to its high thermal conductivity and low cost.

An x-ray source heat-sink 31 _(s) can be disposed in an opening in the engine component casing 13 a or 13 b and over a side of the x-ray source 11. One x-ray source heat-sink 31 _(sa) can be disposed on one side of the x-ray source 11 and another x-ray source heat-sink 31 _(sb) can be disposed on an opposite side of the x-ray source 11, as shown in FIGS. 5-6.

An x-ray detector heat-sink 31 _(d) can be disposed in an opening in the engine component casing 13 a or 13 b and adjacent or over a side of the x-ray detector 12. One x-ray detector heat-sink 31 _(d) can be disposed on one side of the x-ray source 11 and another x-ray source heat-sink 31 _(s) can be disposed on an opposite side of the x-ray source 11. An x-ray detector heat-sink 31 _(d) can be disposed at a front-face (x-ray emission end 19) of the XRF analyzer as shown in FIGS. 10-13, 16-20, and 23.

Heat transferred between the x-ray detector 12 and the x-ray source 11 can adversely affect x-ray detector 12 resolution. In order to minimize such heat transfer, the x-ray source 11 and the x-ray source heat sink 31 _(s) can be separated from the x-ray detector 12 and the x-ray detector heat sink 31 _(d) by thermally insulating material. This thermally insulating material can be a segment 18 of the engine component casing 13 a or 13 b (see FIGS. 1 and 3). This segment 18, all of the engine component casing 13 a and 13 b, or all of the housing 52 a and 52 b can have a relatively low thermal conductivity, such as for example a thermal conductivity of less than 5 W/(m*K) in one aspect, less than 10 W/(m*K) in another aspect, or less than 20 W/(m*K) in another aspect. Nylon is one possible material that may be suitable for the engine component casing 13 a and 13 b or all of the housing 52 a and 52 b. Distance between the x-ray detector 12 and the x-ray source 11 and thickness of the thermally insulating material can also minimize such heat transfer. For example, the x-ray source heat-sink 31 s can be separated from the x-ray detector heat sink 31 d by at least 3 millimeters of the thermally insulating material.

Although the hand shield 15 can be beneficial for reducing the user's exposure to x-rays, the hand shield 15 can be omitted, especially if low-energy x-rays will be used, or the user's time of exposure is small. Shown in FIG. 8 is an XRF analyzer without a hand shield. This embodiment includes at least one heat sink 31. There can be two or more heat sinks 31. An x-ray detector heat sink 31 _(d) and an x-ray source 31 s heat sink can be separated from each other by thermally insulative material as was discussed above.

As shown in FIG. 24, the heat sink(s) 31 can be secured in place by a flange-portion 13 _(f) of the engine component casing 13 a or 13 b. An edge 31 _(e) of the heat sink 31 can be disposed under the flange-portion 13 _(f,) thus holding the heat sink 31 in place.

Air between a heat source 242 (the x-ray source 11 or the x-ray detector 12) and the heat sink 31 can reduce heat transfer. As shown in FIG. 24, a compressible gap pad 241 can be disposed between and can adjoin or touch both the heat source 242 and the heat sink 31. The compressible gap pad 241 can substantially fill the air gap. The compressible gap pad 241 can provide a path of relatively high thermal conductivity between the heat source 242 and the heat sink 31. The gap pad 241 can have a relatively high thermal conductivity (substantially higher than air). For example, thermal conductivity of the gap pad can be between 0.8 W/(m*K) and 5 W/(m*K) in one aspect, or at least 0.75 W/(m*K) in another aspect.

METHOD

A method, of assembling a portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer, can comprise some or all of the following steps (see FIGS. 1, 4-6, and 9):

-   -   1. injection molding, with a plastic impregnated with an element         having an atomic number of at least 42, an XRF analyzer housing         in two separate portions 52 a and 52 b:         -   a. each portion 52 a and 52 b including an engine component             casing section (13 a or 13 b) attached to a power component             casing section (9 a or 9 b) by a handle casing section (14 a             or 14 b) and a hand shield casing section (15 a or 15 b);             and         -   b. wherein the handle casing section (14 a or 14 b) and the             hand shield casing section (15 a or 15 b) extend in two             separate, parallel columns between the engine component             casing section (13 a or 13 b) and the power component casing             section (9 a or 9 b);     -   2. attaching the two XRF analyzer portions 52 a and 52 b to each         other (see seam or junction 51) and sandwiching between the two         engine component casing sections (13 a and 13 b) an x-ray source         11 and an x-ray detector 12 such that:         -   a. the x-ray source 11 is disposed in a location to emit             x-rays 92 outward from the XRF analyzer towards a sample 91;         -   b. the x-ray detector 12 is disposed in a location to             receive fluoresced x-rays 93 emitted from the sample 91;         -   c. the two hand shield casing sections (15 a and 15 b) form             a hand shield 15;         -   d. the two handle casing sections (14 a and 14 b) form a             handle 14; and         -   e. the hand shield 15 is disposed closer to an x-ray             emission end 19 of the x-ray source than the handle 14.     -   3. disposing an x-ray source heat sink 31 _(s) over the x-ray         source 11 in an opening in the housing;     -   4. disposing an x-ray detector heat sink 31 _(d) over the x-ray         detector 12 in an opening in the housing; and     -   5. disposing a segment 18 of the housing between the x-ray         source heat sink 31 _(s) and the x-ray detector heat sink 31         _(d). 

What is claimed is:
 1. A portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer comprising: an engine component having an x-ray emission end and an engine component casing; a power component spaced-apart from the engine component; a handle and a hand shield extending in parallel between the engine component and the power component, attaching the engine component to the power component, and defining a finger gap therebetween; the hand shield disposed closer to the x-ray emission end than the handle; an x-ray source and an x-ray detector disposed in the engine component casing; the x-ray source disposed in a location and oriented to emit x-rays outward from the x-ray emission end towards a sample; the x-ray detector disposed in a location and oriented to receive fluoresced x-rays emitted from the sample; and the power component including electrical connections configured for electrical connection to a portable, electric power-source.
 2. The XRF analyzer of claim 1, further comprising: an x-ray source heat-sink disposed in an opening in the engine component casing and adjacent a side of the x-ray source; an x-ray detector heat-sink disposed in another opening in the engine component casing and adjacent a side of the x-ray detector; and the x-ray source heat-sink separated from the x-ray detector heat sink by thermally insulating material.
 3. The XRF analyzer of claim 2, wherein the x-ray source heat-sink is separated from the x-ray detector heat sink by at least 3 millimeters of the thermally insulating material and the thermally insulating material is a segment of the engine component casing with a thermal conductivity of less than 20 W/(m*K).
 4. The XRF analyzer of claim 1, wherein the hand shield includes a hand shield casing, the hand shield casing and the engine component casing comprise a material for blocking x-rays, and the material for blocking x-rays comprises plastic impregnated with tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, or combinations thereof.
 5. The XRF analyzer of claim 1, further comprising a hollow formed in the hand shield, a hand shield casing forming a perimeter around at least a majority of the hollow, and an electronic component disposed in the hollow, the electronic component configured for operation of the x-ray source, the x-ray detector, or both.
 6. The XRF analyzer of claim 1, wherein the electronic component includes a digital pulse processor electrically connected to the x-ray detector.
 7. The XRF analyzer of claim 1, further comprising: two housing portions, each housing portion comprising an engine component casing section, a power component casing section, a hand shield casing section, a handle casing section, and a material for blocking x-rays; the engine component casing section, the power component casing section, the hand shield casing section, and the handle casing section of each housing portion being integrally formed in a single, monolithic body formed together at the same time with the hand shield casing section and the handle casing section of each housing portion extending in parallel between and attaching to the engine component casing section and the power component casing section of each housing portion; and the two housing portions joined together to form an XRF analyzer housing.
 8. The XRF analyzer of claim 1, wherein the hand shield has a length that is between 60% and 90% of a length of the handle.
 9. A portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer, comprising: an engine component having an x-ray emission end and an engine component casing; an x-ray source and an x-ray detector disposed in the engine component casing; the x-ray source disposed in a location and oriented to emit x-rays outward from the x-ray emission end towards a sample; the x-ray detector disposed in a location and oriented to receive fluoresced x-rays emitted from the sample; a handle extending from the engine component to allow a user to hold and carry the XRF analyzer; a hand shield extending from the engine component, parallel to the handle, and disposed closer to the x-ray emission end than the handle; a finger-gap between the handle and the hand shield; two housing portions, each housing portion comprising a material for blocking x-rays, an engine component casing section, a handle casing section extending from the engine component casing section, and a hand shield casing section extending from the engine component casing section, parallel to the handle casing section; the engine component casing section, the hand shield casing section, and the handle casing section of each housing portion being integrally formed in a single, monolithic body formed together at the same time; and the two housing portions joined together to form an XRF analyzer housing.
 10. The XRF analyzer of claim 9, further comprising: an x-ray source heat-sink disposed in an opening in the engine component casing and adjacent a side of the x-ray source; an x-ray detector heat-sink disposed in another opening in the engine component casing and adjacent a side of the x-ray detector; and the x-ray source heat-sink separated from the x-ray detector heat sink by thermally insulating material.
 11. The XRF analyzer of claim 10, wherein the x-ray source heat-sink is separated from the x-ray detector heat sink by at least 3 millimeters of the thermally insulating material and the thermally insulating material is a segment of the engine component casing with a thermal conductivity of less than 20 W/(m*K).
 12. The XRF analyzer of claim 9, further comprising a hollow formed in the hand shield casing section with the two hand shield casing sections forming a perimeter around at least a majority of the hollow, an electronic component disposed in the hollow, and the electronic component configured for operation of the x-ray source, the x-ray detector, or both.
 13. The XRF analyzer of claim 9, wherein the material for blocking x-rays comprises plastic impregnated with tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, or combinations thereof.
 14. The XRF analyzer of claim 9, wherein the hand shield is shorter than the handle.
 15. The XRF analyzer of claim 9, wherein the hand shield has a length that is between 60% and 90% of a length of the handle.
 16. A portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer, comprising: an engine component having an x-ray emission end and an engine component casing; an x-ray source and an x-ray detector disposed in the engine component casing; the x-ray source disposed in a location and oriented to emit x-rays outward from the x-ray emission end towards a sample; the x-ray detector disposed in a location and oriented to receive fluoresced x-rays emitted from the sample; a handle extending from the engine component to allow a user to hold and carry the XRF analyzer; a hand shield extending from the engine component parallel to the handle, and disposed closer to the x-ray emission end than the handle; a finger-gap between the handle and the hand shield; and the hand shield is shorter than the handle.
 17. The XRF analyzer of claim 16, wherein the hand shield includes a hand shield casing, the hand shield casing and the engine component casing comprise a material for blocking x-rays, and the material for blocking x-rays comprises plastic impregnated with tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, or combinations thereof.
 18. The XRF analyzer of claim 16, further comprising a hollow formed in the hand shield, a hand shield casing forming a perimeter around at least a majority of the hollow, and an electronic component disposed in the hollow, the electronic component configured for operation of the x-ray source, the x-ray detector, or both.
 19. The XRF analyzer of claim 16, wherein the hand shield has a length that is between 60% and 90% of a length of the handle.
 20. The XRF analyzer of claim 16, further comprising: an x-ray source heat-sink disposed in an opening in the engine component casing and adjacent a side of the x-ray source; an x-ray detector heat-sink disposed in another opening in the engine component casing and adjacent a side of the x-ray detector; and the x-ray source heat-sink separated from the x-ray detector heat sink by thermally insulating material. 